The three primary characters of the story (Rand, Mat & Perrin) could not die up to this point because it has been prophesied that they are all essential to success at Tarmon Gaidon. Thus, when Mat had the building fall on him at the end of book 7, it was obvious that he was not dead, even though we never heard from again until well into book 9. We also know from RJ's comments that Mat will survive (and Tuon), because he was planning to write a spinoff book about them. Perrin is also highly probable to survive and have some share of ruling Saldaea with Faile in the future.
Rand of course is the big mystery. The vision of Logain walking over a puppet-faced Rand on his way to glory (see Egwene's dream in ACOS, Ch. 10) implies that Rand may fake his death and allow Logain to rule in his place. Whether that is over the Ashaman or some portion of Rand's empire remains to be seen. Also, it is possible this occurs earlier in the story of AMOL so that Rand is free to focus solely on Tarmon Gaidon, free of political maneuvering. I think it is highly probably that Rand does die in some form during the end of AMoL; there is too much foreshadowing of his death to ignore it. As to how that is finally resolved...any of the theories mentioned in this topic is possible.
Nynaeve & Lan are also likely to survive - Lan's upcoming run through the Borderlands, gathering the scattered Malkieri to his side, will likely help set up his post-Tarmon Gaidon future of ruling the rebuilt kingdom of Malkier. Unfortunately, there aren't any prophecies that refer to this, so this is just speculation. It is also possible that Lan & his Malkieri will die in the attempt to hold back the Shadow at Tarwin's Gap. I just don't think it likely.
Elayne will at least survive until her babies are born, which will take several months (she is two months pregnant as of the end of KoD). Since the books are currently covering approximately a month of time per volume, I'm guessing that these births won't happen until after the main part of the story is over (perhaps in an Epilogue of AMoL). Aviendha is also supposed to have Rand's babies, but as far as we know she is not pregnant yet (or at the very least, even more recently than Elayne). This is because Elayne & Aviendha's sister-bonding experience forbid anyone being pregnant - the Aiel wise women involved would have detected if this was the case and stopped the process immediately. It's possible they did it behind the scenes since then...but then the same explanation for Elayne would apply here as well. Min we have no idea about, although it is expected that she is one of the three women who mourns Rand's death in her own viewing of Rand from TEOTW. Unless that is part of the trickery of Rand faking his death...
Egwene I am unsure about. If there was ever a time for her to die, it would be when the Seanchan attack the White Tower. It's quite possible Gawyn chooses wrong and picks the path in which he would try to kill her, but since she had her own dream about the Seanchan swordwoman helping to save her live...it's likely that any attempt to kill her during this attack would be unsuccessful. I don't see how Gawyn would be caught in any other situation to kill her aside from the upcoming attack, where he would be forced to choose a side that may not be the same as Egwene's. Egwene is also prophesied to bond Gawyn, which throws a wrench into her possible death. I guess that could happen before the attack, but then it would be highly doubtful a warder would kill his own Aes Sedai. Too much uncertainty on this one, but I would guess that Egwene indeed does survive and becomes Amyrlin over whatever Aes Sedai are remaining after Tarmon Gaidon. Assuming the White Tower even survives....
That's all I've got for now - need time to think about the other 50 important secondary characters.